A PROBLEMÁTICA DO ESTATUTO ADMNINISTRATIVO ESPECIAL PARA A CAPITAL DE CABO VERDE

Comecemos por conferir o conceito de capital de um país:

- CAPITAL - no sentido político - (de um país, república, estado, região ou distrito)

- É cidade ou povoação onde reside o governo de uma nação, região ou distrito (acepção abrangente).

Ou, ainda, na acepção que interessa aqui considerar, entende-se por capital (política): - todo o …

Aglomerado populacional onde se encontra a sede dos mais altos poderes do Estado (legislativos, executivos e judiciais).

. A capital corresponde normalmente à maior e mais importante cidade de um país - Lisboa, no caso português. Alguns países, como os E.UA, o Brasil e a Holanda têm como capital cidades que não são nem as maiores nem as mais importantes do ponto de vista económico e de número de habitantes. E isso deveria levar a pensar muita boa gente, … .

A Capital de um país é, assim, definido em função da localização geográfica dos mais altos poderes do Estado (legislativos, executivos e judiciais). A escolha dessa localização tem a ver com factores de ordem estratégica, em termos de defesa em relação ao exterior, em termos de apaziguamento de fenómenos potencialmente convulsivos de cariz social interno e finalmente em termos da necessidade de fomento de regiões menos bafejadas pelo desenvolvimento económico e social no geral.

Por conseguinte, o poder autárquico, não tem, em boa verdade, nenhum papel determinante nem na elevação a estatuto de capital da urbe que lhe respeita, nem na definição e manutenção dos aspectos essenciais que definem o estatuto de capital dum dado aglomerado populacional de um país.

Esse papel cabe inteiramente aos poderes centrais do Estado, que deverão chamar a si uma boa parte das competências administrativas necessárias ao bom ordenamento e funcionamento do aglomerado populacional considerado, por razões de proximidade, de ordenamento territorial do espaço geográfico correspondente à área ocupada e de desenvolvimento da urbe, de soberania em representação de toda a população do país, de segurança das instituições do poder do Estado e respectivos titulares, de harmonia com um modelo baseado na complementaridade de atribuições/competências e nunca de sobreposição de competências, ou pior ainda, de neutralização e oposição aos poderes centrais do Estado.

Constitui um erro crasso, confundir a urbe – capital do Concelho – com a urbe – capital do País.

A urbe-capital do Concelho é gerida pela Câmara Municipal,

Sendo que a urbe-capital do País é regida pelo Governo.

Quando é que se passa do concelhio para o nacional? Eis a grande questão cujo estatuto administrativo especial deverá dar resposta suficiente.

O estatuto administrativo especial para a urbe-capital do País não deverá conferir mais prerrogativas à Câmara Municipal, enquanto tal, como erradamente se pretende, mas, e outro sim, deverá clarificar as competências do Governo em matérias específicas concernentes à administração da urbe que devem ficar sob a alçada da administração central do País, e os canais e instrumentos de coordenação entre o poder central e o autárquico com o objectivo de harmonizar e aligeirar o tratamento de questões transversais aos dois poderes.

Nunca se deve perder de vista que uma urbe só é capital em função dos poderes centrais do Estado (legislativos, executivos e judiciais), e não de qualquer que seja Câmara Municipal.

Assim, a urbe enquanto capital do País deve ser gerida pelo executivo/governo do País e não pela Câmara Municipal.

O estatuto administrativo especial tem cabimento nesse cenário bivalente ou bipolar se se quiser.

Convém clarificar que se trata de um estatuto administrativo especial para a cidade/urbe, dada a especificidade inerente a qualquer cidade com o estatuto de capital, e não de um estatuto especial para o Concelho.

Não deixemos que a ambição do poder ofusque o nosso discernimento.

Reflectir, profundamente, é necessário.

Cabo-verdianamente.

ASS:- Nuno Paris

OBS: - Segue-se informação útil: -

Capital (political)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Capital (political), the area of a country, province, region, or state, regarded as enjoying primary status, usually but not always the seat of the government

A capital is the area of a country, province, region, or state, regarded as enjoying primary status; although there are exceptions, a capital is almost always a city which physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of the seat of government and fixed by law. Alternate terms include capital city and political capital; the latter phrase has a second meaning based on an alternative sense of capital.
The word capital is derived from the Latin caput meaning "head," and, in the United States, the related term Capitol refers to the building where government business is chiefly conducted.
The seats of government in major sub-state jurisdictions are often called "capitals", but this is typically the case only in countries with some degree of federalism, where major substate jurisdictions have an element of sovereignty. In unitary states, "administrative center" or other similar terms are typically used. For example, the seat of government in a U.S. state is usually called its "capital", but the main city in a region of England is usually not, even though in Ireland, a county's main town is usually regarded as its capital. At lower administrative subdivisions, terms such as county town, county seat, or borough seat are usually used.
Historically, the major economic center of a state or region often becomes the focal point of political power, and becomes a capital through conquest or amalgamation. This was the case for London, Berlin, and Moscow. The capital naturally attracts the politically motivated and those whose skills are needed for efficient administration of government such as lawyers, journalists, and public policy researchers. A capital that is the prime economic, cultural, or intellectual center is sometimes referred to as a primate city. Such is certainly the case with Paris, London and Madrid among national capitals, and Milan, Irkutsk or Phoenix in their respective state or province.
Capitals are sometimes sited to discourage further growth in an existing major city. Brasília was situated in Brazil's interior because the old capital, Rio de Janeiro, and southeastern Brazil in general, were considered over-crowded.^[^{citation needed}^]
The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal. Traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals, as occurred with Nanjing by Shanghai. The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its capital city, as occurred with Babylon and Cahokia. Many present-day capital cities, such as New Delhi, Abuja, Ankara, Brasília, Canberra, Astana, Islamabad, Ottawa and Washington, D.C. are planned cities, purposefully located away from established population centres for various reasons, and have become gradually established as new business or commercial centres.
Unorthodox capital city arrangements

A number of cases exist where states have multiple capitals, and there are also several states that have no capital. In other cases, the official capital is not the effective one for pragmatic reasons. That is, the city known as the capital is not the seat of government. Occasionally, the official capital may host the seat of government, but is not the geographic origin of political decision-making.^[^{citation needed}^] The following list specifies the details observed in sovereign states.

Benin: Porto-Novo is the official capital, but Cotonou is the seat of government.
Bolivia: Sucre is still the constitutional capital, but most of the national government long abandoned that region for La Paz.
Chile: Santiago is the capital even though the National Congress of Chile is in Valparaíso.
Côte d'Ivoire: Yamoussoukro was designated the national capital in 1983, but most government offices and embassies are still located in Abidjan.
Czech Republic: Prague is the sole constitutional capital. However, Brno is home to all three of the country's highest courts, making it the de facto capital of the Czech judicial branch.
France: The French constitution does not recognize any capital city in France. Paris is de facto capital of France (seat of the Presidency, the Government, the National Assembly and the Senate), but the parliament holds its joint congresses in Versailles.
Germany: The official capital Berlin is seat to the parliament the government. However, various ministries are located in the former West German capital of Bonn, which has now the title Federal City. The judicial branch is divided between Karlsruhe, Kassel, and Leipzig.
Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur is the constitutional capital but the federal administrative centre was moved 30 kilometres south to Putrajaya in the late 1990s. The parliament remains in Kuala Lumpur.
Myanmar (Burma): Naypyidaw was designated the national capital in 2005, the same year it was founded, but most government offices and embassies are still located in Yangon (Rangoon).
Nauru: Nauru, a tiny country of only 21 square kilometres (8 sq mi), has no distinct capital city, and thus has a capital district instead.
The Netherlands: Amsterdam is the constitutional national capital even though the Dutch government, parliament, supreme court and the residential palace of the queen are all located in The Hague. (For more details see: Capital of the Netherlands).
Sri Lanka: Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte is the official capital and the location of the parliament, while the former capital, Colombo, is now designated as the "commerical capital". However, many government offices are still located in Colombo. Both cities are in the Colombo District.
South Africa: The administrative capital is Pretoria, the legislative capital is Cape Town, and the judicial capital is Bloemfontein, the outcome of the compromise that created the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Switzerland: Bern is the Federal City of Switzerland and functions as de facto capital. However, the Swiss Supreme Court is located in Lausanne.
Tanzania: Dodoma was designated the national capital in 1973, but most government offices and embassies are still located in Dar es Salaam.
Monaco, Singapore and the Vatican City are city-states, and thus do not have a capital city distinct from the country as a whole.

International entities

European Union: Brussels, Belgium is generally considered as the capital of the European Union^[1] due to its hosting of the main executive institutions of the Union, the European Commission, European Council and Council of Ministers (which is also one half of the legislative branch), along with most of the work of the European Parliament (which is formally seated and votes in Strasbourg). The EU has not declared a formal "capital" using that term, but the arrangement of Brussels hosting most of the political institutions is defined by the Treaty of Amsterdam; which also gives the judicial institutions to Luxembourg and the Central Bank to Frankfurt. In this sense, it could be compared to the split-capital nature of South Africa. However the applicability of the term "capital" to an international entity is disputable as, despite its practical implications, the term is most associated with sovereign and sub-national entities hence its use carries political significance.
United Nations: New York City is the main meeting place of the highest bodies of the UN, but significant parts of its structure exist in other cities, such as Geneva and The Hague.

Capital as symbol

With the rise of modern empires and the nation-state, the capital city has become a symbol for the state and its government, and imbued with political meaning. Unlike medieval capitals, which were declared wherever a monarch held his or her court, the selection, relocation, founding or capture of a modern capital city is an emotional affair. For example:

Ruined and almost uninhabited Athens was made capital of newly independent Greece with the romantic notion of reviving the glory of Ancient Greece. Similarly, following the Cold War and German reunification, Berlin is now once again the capital of Germany. Other restored capital cities include Moscow after the October Revolution.
A symbolic relocation of a capital city to a geographically or demographically peripheral location may be for either economic or strategic reasons (sometimes known as a "forward capital" or spearhead capital). Peter I of Russia moved his government from Moscow to Saint Petersburg to give the Russian Empire a western orientation. The Ming Emperors moved their capital to Beijing from more central Nanjing as to better supervise the border with the Mongols and Manchus. During the 1857 war of independence, Indian rebels considered Delhi their capital and Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed emperor, though the ruling British had their capital in Calcutta. In 1877 the British formally held a 'Durbar' in Delhi, proclaiming Queen Victoria as 'Empress of India'. Delhi finally became the colonial capital after the Coronation Durbar of King-Emperor George V, continuing as Independent India's capital from 1947. Other examples include Abuja, Astaná, Brasília, Helsinki, Islamabad, Naypyidaw and Yamoussoukro.
The selection or founding of a "neutral" capital city — i.e. one unencumbered by regional or political identity — was meant to represent the unity of a new state when Bern, Canberra, Madrid, Ottawa, and Washington, D.C. became capitals. The British-built town of New Delhi represented a simultaneous break and continuity with the past — the location of Delhi being where many imperial capitals were built e.g. Indraprastha, Dhillika and Shahjahanabad, but the actual capital being the new British built town designed by Edwin Lutyens.
During the American Civil War, tremendous resources were expended to defend Washington, D.C., which bordered the Confederate States of America, from Confederate attack, even though the then-small federal government could have been moved relatively easily in the era of railroads and telegraph.

Strategic importance of capitals

The capital city is almost always a primary target in a war, as capturing it usually guarantees capture of much of the enemy government, victory for the attacking forces, or at the very least demoralization for the defeated forces.
In ancient China, where governments were massive centralized bureaucracies with little flexibility on the provincial level, a dynasty could easily be toppled with the fall of its capital. In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell. The Ming dynasty relocated its capital from Nanjing to Beijing, where they could more effectively control the generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus. The Ming was destroyed when the Li Zicheng took their seat of power, and this pattern repeats itself in Chinese history, until the fall of the traditional Confucian monarchy in the 20th century. After the Qing Dynasty's collapse, decentralization of authority and improved transportation technologies allowed both the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their leadership structures intact during the great crisis of Japanese invasion.

National capitals were arguably less important as military objectives in other parts of the world, including the West, due to socioeconomic trends toward localized authority, a strategic modus operandi especially popular after the development of feudalism and reaffirmed by the development of democratic and capitalistic philosophies. In 1204, after the Latin Crusaders captured the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, Byzantine forces were able to regroup in several provinces; provincial noblemen managed to reconquer the capital after 60 years and preserve the empire for another 200 years after that. The British forces sacked various American capitals repeatedly during the Revolutionary War and War of 1812, but American forces could still carry on fighting from the countryside, where they enjoyed support from local governments and the traditionally independent frontiersmen-civilians. Exceptions to these generalizations include highly centralized states such as France, whose centralized bureaucracies could effectively coordinate far-flung resources, giving the state a powerful advantage over less coherent rivals, but risking utter ruin if the capital is taken; in their military strategies, traditional enemies of France such as Germany focused on the capture of Paris.

Temporary capital

Country subdivision

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

World administrative divisions

Country subdivision refers to the division of a country's territory for the sake of its administration, description or other such purpose. The resulting units of division are known generically as "country subdivisions". Unlike geographical or geomorphological areas such as basins, deserts, valleys and the like, country subdivisions are abstract creations intended to make it easier to run the country. There are several types of country subdivisions, including: administrative divisions, electoral divisions, census divisions, development regions, time zones, etc.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative division

The most common type of country subdivision are administrative divisions, viz. divisions such as provinces, districts and municipalities. A few countries have administrative divisions that are themselves called "divisions" or "subdivisions".

Electoral and census divisions

Main articles: Electoral division and Census division

The second most common types of country subdivision are electoral and census divisions such as constituencies, wards, census geographic units, census metropolitan areas, and census subdivision. Some countries, however, use these terms (or their native equivalents) to identify types of administrative division; for example, Namibia's constituencies or those countries listed in the article Ward (administrative division). In North America, "Census division" and "census subdivision" are themselves types of census divisions.